Author: April Kingsman

P symbol: Poor (in the EUROP carcass classification system)

panicle: A flower head (inflorescence) with many branches that carry small flowers, e.g., the flower head of a rice plant. Understanding plant structures helps in crop breeding and improving yields.

microbial insecticide: an insecticide based on fungal, bacterial or other microorganisms that are pathogens of insects, or their toxins, e.g. the fungus Verticillium lecanii is used to control whitefly in glasshouses. Understanding the uses and effects of microbial insecticides can help farmers manage pest infestations more effectively, ensuring better crop health and yields.

environmental directive: An EU policy statement on the appropriate ways of dealing with a specific environmental issue. Understanding environmental directives helps farmers comply with regulations and adopt sustainable practices.

enzyme: A protein substance produced by living cells which promotes a biochemical reaction in living organisms. (NOTE: The names of enzymes mostly end with the suffix -ase.) Understanding enzymes helps farmers manage livestock nutrition and health.

The removal of horn buds in young calves to prevent horn growth. Disbudding is typically performed at an early age for safety and management purposes. For example, disbudding calves to prevent injuries and facilitate handling.

nutrient management: the practice of applying fertilizers and other soil amendments in the correct amounts and at the correct time to optimize plant growth while minimizing environmental impact. Effective nutrient management is crucial for maintaining soil fertility, optimizing crop yields, and reducing environmental impact. Farmers can benefit from implementing nutrient management plans that include regular soil testing, balanced fertilization, and precision application techniques. Understanding crop nutrient requirements and timing ensures efficient nutrient use, enhances productivity, and promotes sustainable farming practices. Adopting nutrient management strategies supports long-term soil health and farm profitability.

white clover: A type of perennial clover (Trifolium repens). There are several varieties including the large-leaved variety suitable for silage or hay and the small-leaved variety which is quick to establish and keeps out weeds and other grasses. Growing white clover can improve soil fertility and provide nutritious forage for livestock.

red corpuscle: A red blood cell which contains haemoglobin and carries oxygen to the tissues. Understanding blood components is important for diagnosing and treating livestock health issues.

Fox: A carnivorous canine predator (Vulpes vulpes) with red fur and a large bushy tail. Managing fox populations through proper practices helps protect livestock and maintain ecological balance.